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Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (; – ) was a Russian mathematician and geometer, known primarily for his work on hyperbolic geometry, otherwise known as Lobachevskian geometry. William Kingdon Clifford called Lobachevsky the "Copernicus of Geometry" due to the revolutionary character of his work.〔 Author attributes this quote to another mathematician, William Kingdon Clifford.〕〔This is a quote from G. B. Halsted's translator's preface to his 1914 translation of ''The Theory of Parallels'': "What Vesalius was to Galen, what Copernicus was to Ptolemy that was Lobachevsky to Euclid." — W. K. Clifford〕 ==Life== Nikolai Lobachevsky was born either in or near the city of Nizhny Novgorod in the Russian Empire (now in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia) in 1792 to parents of Polish origin – Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky and Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya.〔Victor J. Katz. ''A history of mathematics: Introduction''. Addison-Wesley. 2009. p. 842.〕〔Stephen Hawking. ''God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs that Changed History''. Running Press. 2007. pp. 697–703.〕〔Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky (Jan Łobaczewski in Polish) came from a Polish noble family of Jastrzębiec and Łada coats of arms, and was classified as a Pole in Russian official documents; Jan Ciechanowicz. ''Mikołaj Łobaczewski - twórca pangeometrii''. Rocznik Wschodni. Issue 7–9. 2002. p. 163.〕 He was one of three children. His father, a clerk in a land surveying office, died when he was seven, and his mother moved to Kazan. Lobachevsky attended Kazan Gymnasium from 1802, graduating in 1807 and then received a scholarship to Kazan University,〔〔 which was founded just three years earlier in 1804. At Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor Johann Christian Martin Bartels, a former teacher and friend of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss.〔 Lobachevsky received a Master's degree in physics and mathematics in 1811. In 1814, he became a lecturer at Kazan University, in 1816 he was promoted to associate professor, and in 1822, at the age of 30, he became a full professor,〔〔 teaching mathematics, physics, and astronomy.〔 He served in many administrative positions and became the rector of Kazan University〔 in 1827. In 1832, he married Varvara Alexeyevna Moiseyeva. They had a large number of children (eighteen according to his son's memoirs, while only seven apparently survived into adulthood). He was dismissed from the university in 1846, ostensibly due to his deteriorating health: by the early 1850s, he was nearly blind and unable to walk. He died in poverty in 1856. He was an atheist. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nikolai Lobachevsky」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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